• Antenatally diagnosed renal anomalies • Antenatal Hydronephrosis • Undescended testis • Testicular torsion • Testicular cysts or tumours • Labial Adhesions • Tight foreskin or phimosis • Hypospadias • Episapdias • Urinary tract infection Posterior urethral valves • Vesico-ureteric reflux • Pelviureteric junction obstruction • Vesico-ureteric junction obstruction (primary megaureter) • Intersex • Neurogenic Bladder • Dysfunctional Voiding/ Dysfunctional elimination syndrome • Bladder diverticulum • Duplex systems (or double ureters) • Ectopic ureters • Ureterocele • Cystic kidney diseases • Calculus disease • Prune belly syndrome • Stricture urethra • Genital injuries • Horseshoe kidney • Absent kidney or renal agenesis