• Antenatally diagnosed renal anomalies • Antenatal Hydronephrosis • Undescended testis • Testicular torsion • Testicular cysts or tumours • Labial Adhesions • Tight foreskin or phimosis • Hypospadias • Episapdias • Urinary tract infection Posterior urethral valves • Vesico-ureteric reflux • Pelviureteric junction obstruction • Vesico-ureteric junction obstruction (primary megaureter) • Intersex • Neurogenic Bladder • Dysfunctional Voiding/ Dysfunctional elimination syndrome • Bladder diverticulum • Duplex systems (or double ureters) • Ectopic ureters • Ureterocele • Cystic kidney diseases • Calculus disease • Prune belly syndrome • Stricture urethra • Genital injuries • Horseshoe kidney • Absent kidney or renal agenesis
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF THE PRESENCE OF KIDNEY STONES?
The presentation of symptoms depends upon the location, size, and shape of the stone. Many times they are symptom free.
They are called silent stones. Common symptoms are as follows:
- Sudden, severe pain- starting in the flanks and moving towards groins. Typically, described as ureteric colic and loin to groin pain
- Nausea and Vomiting.
- Blood in Urine.
- Increased Urinary frequency.
- Burning sensation on passing Urine.
- Infection in Urine.